一、反應器堆肥技術模式
反應器堆肥是將易腐垃圾、人畜糞便、農作物秸稈等有機廢棄物,置入一體化密閉反應器進行好氧發酵。常見的有箱式反應器、立式筒倉反應器、臥式滾筒反應器等。原料經除雜、粉碎、混合等預處理后,調節含水率至45%—65%,置入反應器進行高溫堆肥。反應器堆肥發酵溫度達到55℃以上的時間應不少于5天,以達到病原菌滅活效果。發酵產物腐熟后可還田利用,也可用于生產有機肥、栽培基質等。該技術模式自動化水平較高,便于臭氣、滲濾液等污染物收集處理,但相比于簡易堆漚還田建設成本較高。
典型案例1:浙江省衢州市衢江區。該案例覆蓋4個村約1.1萬人。2019年投入運行,主要處理廚余垃圾等有機廢棄物,設計處理能力為5噸/日,預留了一定拓展空間,目前實際處理有機廢棄物1.2噸/日。在投資建設方面,政府投資270萬元,建設易腐垃圾處理站,主要包括廠房、堆肥反應器、垃圾分選及儲存設施、制肥設備、滲濾液處理設備、除臭設備等,占地面積2530平方米。在運營管理方面,保潔員引導村民進行垃圾分類,將易腐垃圾投放至暫存點,由清運員收集后運至處理站。第三方負責處理站運維管護,費用由政府承擔,用工2人,綜合運行成本約220元/噸。在資源化利用方面,年可產有機肥約140噸,用于周邊園林綠化,滲濾液處理達標后排入市政管網。
典型案例2:廣東省珠海市斗門區。該案例覆蓋6個村約4000人。2019年投入運行,主要處理廚余垃圾、農作物秸稈等有機廢棄物,設計處理能力為0.5噸/日,目前實際處理有機廢棄物0.3噸/日。在投資建設方面,政府投資58萬元,建設廚余垃圾處理站,購置堆肥反應器、勻質攪拌設備等,占地面積91平方米。在運營管理方面,采用積分制引導村民進行垃圾分類,垃圾分類督導員指導垃圾分類、收集廚余垃圾并運至處理站。廚余垃圾經分揀、粉碎、脫水預處理后置入反應器進行堆肥。第三方負責處理站運維管護,費用由政府承擔,用工1人,綜合運行成本約330元/噸。在資源化利用方面,年可產有機肥、栽培基質約25噸,主要用于周邊花卉苗木施肥等。
二、堆漚還田技術模式
堆漚還田是將易腐垃圾、農作物秸稈、人畜糞便等有機廢棄物,通過靜態堆漚處理后科學還田利用。發酵時間一般不少于90天。主要設施為堆漚池或堆漚設備,應具有防雨、防滲等功能。該技術模式操作簡單、建設和運行成本較低,但發酵周期較長,需采取臭氣和蚊蠅控制措施。
典型案例3:福建省南平市光澤縣。該案例覆蓋1個村約1100人。2016年投入運行,主要處理廚余垃圾、農作物秸稈、蘑菇渣等有機廢棄物,設計處理能力為0.18噸/日,目前實際處理有機廢棄物0.13噸/日。在投資建設方面,村集體投資2.7萬元,建設固液分離平臺、分層發酵池、滲濾液發酵池、遮雨棚等,占地面積60平方米。在運營管理方面,村民進行垃圾分類,將廚余垃圾投放至村內收集點,再由保潔員運至處理站。廚余垃圾經除雜和固液分離后,與其他有機廢棄物混合,置入分層發酵池,添加微生物菌劑,并定期轉動驅動裝置,實現發酵池內物料的攪動和換層。村集體負責處理站運維管護,用工1人,綜合運行成本約215元/噸。在資源化利用方面,年可產有機肥約24噸,主要供周邊農戶免費使用,滲濾液貯存發酵后還田利用。
典型案例4:山東省日照市東港區。該案例覆蓋1個村約350人。2019年投入運行,主要處理廚余垃圾等有機廢棄物,設計處理能力為0.15噸/日,目前實際處理有機廢棄物0.11噸/日。在投資建設方面,通過村集體自籌、企業贊助、政府補助等投資5萬元,建設易腐垃圾處理站,主要包括預處理設施、腐化倉、滲濾液貯存池、收集車、粉碎機等,占地面積450平方米。在運營管理方面,村民進行垃圾分類,保潔員定時收集轉運廚余垃圾,尾菜、農作物秸稈等由村民自行投送至處理站。有機廢棄物經分揀、破碎、混合等預處理后,采用黃土進行封堆、堆漚。第三方負責運維管護,費用由政府承擔,用工1人,綜合運行成本約130元/噸。在資源化利用方面,產出物經篩分后運至田頭進一步腐熟,年可產“土雜肥”約20噸,用于蔬菜、水果種植。
三、厭氧發酵協同處理技術模式
厭氧發酵協同處理是將人畜糞污、農作物秸稈、易腐垃圾、尾菜等有機廢棄物,經過粉碎、除雜、調質等預處理后,置入厭氧發酵罐進行處理,可產生沼氣和沼肥。常見的有濕法和干法厭氧發酵,需配套原料預處理設施、進料設備、儲氣柜、沼肥貯存設施等。沼氣經過凈化、提純處理后可作為清潔能源使用,沼肥可還田利用或生產有機肥。該技術模式資源化利用率較高,但對穩定運行、安全管理等技術要求較高,適宜原料供應充足、清潔能源需求大、農田消納能力強的地區。從實踐來看,易腐垃圾、廁所糞污等一般可依托現有畜禽糞污厭氧發酵設施進行協同處理,并根據實際情況完善預處理、進料以及其他配套設備。
典型案例5:甘肅省武威市涼州區。該案例覆蓋全區17個鄉鎮約8萬人。2016年投入運行,以處理畜禽糞污為主,協同處理易腐垃圾、廁所糞污、尾菜、農作物秸稈等有機廢棄物,設計處理能力為820噸/日,目前實際處理有機廢棄物350噸/日。在投資建設方面,采用企業自籌、政府補助等方式投資9100萬元,在全區建設5個站點,厭氧罐總容積2.2萬立方米,主要包括半地下式一體化厭氧發酵罐、全封閉式干濕雙進料系統、沼渣沼液處理系統等,占地面積5.3萬平方米。在運營管理方面,企業負責收集處理站周邊15公里范圍內的養殖場糞污、農村易腐垃圾、農作物秸稈、尾菜等,對原料預處理后投入發酵罐進行處理。用工10人,綜合運行成本約180元/噸。在資源化利用方面,年可產沼氣約1350萬立方米,其中通過管網向周邊供氣約145萬立方米,其余沼氣用于發電;年可產沼肥約12萬噸,用于銷售或引導農戶“以廢換肥”。
典型案例6:江蘇省徐州市睢寧縣。該案例覆蓋1個村約4800人。2017年投入運行,以處理畜禽糞污為主,協同處理易腐垃圾、農作物秸稈等有機廢棄物,設計處理能力為34噸/日,目前基本滿負荷運行。在投資建設方面,政府投資590萬元,建設太陽能厭氧發酵罐、貯氣柜、沼氣凈化系統、沼氣入戶管網、沼液儲存池等,占地面積6530平方米。在運營管理方面,建立原料收集—日常管護—燃氣供應“三位一體”運維管護體系,易腐垃圾由保潔員分類收集后,送至處理站;畜禽糞污由第三方收集運輸。第三方負責處理站運維管護,用工3人,綜合運行成本約110元/噸。在資源化利用方面,年可產沼氣約50萬立方米,為周邊1200戶住戶供應燃氣;年可產沼渣約1750噸、沼液約9400噸,用于周邊蔬菜、果樹種植。
四、蚯蚓養殖處理有機廢棄物技術模式
蚯蚓養殖處理是將畜禽糞污、易腐垃圾、農作物秸稈等有機廢棄物,按一定比例混合、高溫發酵預處理后,經過蚯蚓過腹消化實現高值化利用。蚯蚓糞可用于生產有機肥或還田利用,成品蚯蚓可用于提取蚯蚓活性蛋白等。需配套原料預處理設備、幼蚓繁育設施、養殖場地等。該技術模式資源化利用率較高、經濟效益較好,但需配套土地用于養殖蚯蚓,并采取污染物防控措施,對養殖技術、管理水平、氣候條件要求較高。此外,一些地方也在探索通過養殖黑水虻、蟑螂等處理農村有機廢棄物。
典型案例7:天津市靜海區。該案例覆蓋34個村約3萬人。2011年投入運行,主要處理畜禽糞污、農作物秸稈、尾菜、廚余垃圾等有機廢棄物,設計處理能力為140噸/日,目前實際處理有機廢棄物110噸/日。在投資建設方面,合作社投資310萬元,建設蚯蚓養殖生產車間,配套購置粉碎機、蚯蚓收獲機、電動噴霧器等,占地面積560平方米。同時,流轉600畝林木基地用于林下蚯蚓養殖。在運營管理方面,周邊養殖場將畜禽糞污運送至處理站并支付一定費用,農村易腐垃圾和散養糞污委托社會化服務組織收集運送,農作物秸稈等輔料采用協議收購。合作社負責運維管護,用工30人,綜合運行成本約75元/噸。在資源化利用方面,年可產蚯蚓糞肥約1萬噸,作為肥料銷售;年可產鮮體蚯蚓約150噸,用于垂釣和蚯蚓產品深加工。
農村有機廢棄物資源化利用技術模式眾多,除了上述4種模式外,一些地方也在積極探索新技術新模式。各地推進農村有機廢棄物資源化利用過程中,要因地制宜、科學論證,選擇適宜本地自然條件、經濟發展水平、村民生活習慣的技術模式。不管采用哪種技術模式,應以無害化處理和安全利用為前提,實現綠色低碳循環發展。若用于生產商品有機肥,應符合《有機肥料》(NY525—2021)等有關標準規定,避免對農業生產和生態環境造成不利影響。
Typical technical models and cases of rural organic waste resource utilization
For the implementation of the rural residential environment renovation of the promotion action plan for five years (2021-2025) "deployment requirements, improve the rural perishable rubbish, toilet waste and other organic waste harmless treatment and resource utilization level, strengthen the practical technology supply, agriculture NongCunBu, national rural revitalization of the bureau in the provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the recommended on the basis of, Through expert evaluation and field verification, four typical technical models and seven typical cases of rural organic waste resource utilization were selected for reference.
I. Model of reactor composting technology
Reactor composting is to put organic wastes such as perishable garbage, human and animal feces, and crop straw into an integrated closed reactor for aerobic fermentation. Common box-type reactor, vertical silo reactor, horizontal drum reactor. After pretreatment, such as impurity removal, crushing and mixing, the water content was adjusted to 45%-65%, and the raw materials were put into the reactor for high temperature composting. The fermentation temperature of the reactor compost should be above 55℃ for no less than 5 days to achieve the inactivation effect of pathogenic bacteria. The fermentation products can be returned to the field after maturity, and also used to produce organic fertilizer and cultivation substrate. The technology mode has a high level of automation, which is convenient for the collection and treatment of pollutants such as odor and leachate, but the construction cost is higher than that of simple compost.
Typical case 1: Qujiang District, Quzhou City, Zhejiang Province. The case covers about 11,000 people in four villages. It was put into operation in 2019 and mainly deals with kitchen waste and other organic wastes. The designed processing capacity is 5 tons/day, leaving some space for expansion. Currently, the actual processing of organic wastes is 1.2 tons/day. In terms of investment and construction, the government invested 2.7 million yuan to build a perishable waste treatment station, which mainly includes workshop, composting reactor, garbage sorting and storage facilities, fertilizer making equipment, leachate treatment equipment, deodorization equipment, etc., covering an area of 2,530 square meters. In terms of operation and management, cleaners guide villagers to sort garbage and put perishable garbage into temporary storage points, which will be collected by cleaners and transported to treatment stations. The third party is responsible for the operation, maintenance and maintenance of the treatment station, and the cost is borne by the government. There are 2 workers, and the comprehensive operation cost is about 220 yuan/ton. In terms of resource utilization, it can produce about 140 tons of organic fertilizer annually, which is used for surrounding landscaping, and the leachate is processed to the municipal pipe network after reaching the standard.
Typical Case 2: Doumen District, Zhuhai City, Guangdong Province. The case covers about 4,000 people in six villages. It was put into operation in 2019, mainly dealing with kitchen waste, crop straw and other organic wastes. The designed treatment capacity is 0.5 tons/day, and the actual treatment of organic wastes is 0.3 tons/day. In terms of investment and construction, the government invested 580,000 yuan to build kitchen waste treatment stations, purchase composting reactors and homogenizing mixing equipment, covering an area of 91 square meters. In terms of operation and management, a point system is adopted to guide villagers to conduct garbage classification, and garbage classification supervisors guide garbage classification, collect kitchen waste and transport it to treatment stations. The kitchen waste was sorted, crushed, dehydrated and pretreated, then put into the reactor for composting. The third party is responsible for the operation, maintenance and maintenance of the treatment station, and the government will bear the cost. The comprehensive operation cost is about 330 yuan/ton. In terms of resource utilization, organic fertilizer and cultivation substrate can be produced about 25 tons per year, which is mainly used for fertilizing surrounding flowers and seedlings.
Two, heap retting technology mode
Compost retting is the use of perishable garbage, crop straw, human and animal feces and other organic wastes by static compost retting. Fermentation time is usually not less than 90 days. The main facilities for the pile retting pool or pile retting equipment, should have rain, seepage and other functions. The technical mode is simple to operate, low construction and operation cost, but the fermentation cycle is long, odor and flies control measures need to be taken.
Typical case 3: Guangze County, Nanping City, Fujian Province. The case covers about 1,100 people in a village. It was put into operation in 2016, mainly dealing with kitchen waste, crop straw, mushroom residue and other organic wastes. The designed treatment capacity is 0.18 tons/day, and the actual treatment of organic waste is 0.13 tons/day. In terms of investment and construction, the village collective invested 27,000 yuan in the construction of solid-liquid separation platform, stratified fermentation tank, leachate fermentation tank, canopy, etc., covering an area of 60 square meters. In terms of operation and management, the villagers classify garbage, put the kitchen waste to the collection point in the village, and then transport it to the treatment station by the cleaner. After impurity removal and solid-liquid separation, kitchen waste is mixed with other organic waste, put into a stratified fermentation tank, add microbial agent, and rotate the driving device regularly to realize material agitation and layer change in the fermentation tank. The village collective is responsible for the operation, maintenance and maintenance of the treatment station, employing 1 worker, and the comprehensive operation cost is about 215 yuan/ton. In terms of resource utilization, the annual yield of organic fertilizer is about 24 tons, which is mainly used by surrounding farmers for free, and the leachate is stored and fermented and returned to the field for use.
Typical Case 4: Donggang District, Rizhao city, Shandong Province. The case covers about 350 people in 1 village. It was put into operation in 2019, mainly dealing with kitchen waste and other organic wastes. The designed treatment capacity is 0.15 tons/day, and the actual treatment of organic wastes is 0.11 tons/day. In terms of investment and construction, through the village collective self-financing, corporate sponsorship, government subsidies and other investment of 50,000 yuan, the construction of perishable waste treatment station, mainly including pretreatment facilities, decay bin, leachate storage tank, collection vehicle, grinder, covers an area of 450 square meters. In terms of operation and management, the villagers classify garbage, the cleaners regularly collect and transfer kitchen waste, and the tail vegetables and crop straw are delivered to the treatment station by the villagers themselves. After sorting, crushing, mixing and other pretreatment, the organic wastes were sealed and composted by using loess. The third party is responsible for the operation, maintenance, management and maintenance, and the cost is borne by the government. One person is employed, and the comprehensive operation cost is about 130 yuan/ton. In terms of resource utilization, the output is transported to the field after screening and further ripening, which can produce about 20 tons of "soil fertilizer" annually for vegetable and fruit cultivation.
Three, anaerobic fermentation collaborative treatment technology model
Anaerobic fermentation co-treatment is to put the organic wastes such as human and animal manure, crop straw, perishable garbage, vegetable and other organic wastes into anaerobic fermentation tank for treatment after crushing, removing impurities, conditioning and other pretreatment, which can produce biogas and marsh fertilizer. Wet and dry anaerobic fermentation are common, requiring raw material pretreatment facilities, feeding equipment, gas storage cabinets, storage facilities for marsh manure, etc. Biogas can be used as clean energy after purification and purification, and biogas fertilizer can be returned to the field for use or production of organic fertilizer. This technology mode has a high resource utilization rate, but has high technical requirements for stable operation and safety management, and is suitable for areas with sufficient raw material supply, large demand for clean energy and strong capacity of farmland consumption. From a practical point of view, perishable wastes and toilet manure can generally be co-processed by relying on the existing anaerobic fermentation facilities of livestock and poultry manure, and the pretreatment, feeding and other supporting equipment should be improved according to the actual situation.
Typical case 5: Liangzhou District, Wuwei City, Gansu Province. The case covers about 80,000 people in 17 towns and townships in the region. It was put into operation in 2016. It mainly deals with livestock and poultry manure, and co-deals with perishable garbage, toilet manure, vegetable tail, crop straw and other organic wastes. The designed treatment capacity is 820 tons/day, and the actual treatment of organic wastes is 350 tons/day. In terms of investment and construction, it has invested 91 million yuan in the form of self-financing by enterprises and government subsidies, and built five stations in the whole district with a total volume of 22,000 cubic meters of anaerobic tanks, mainly including semi-underground integrated anaerobic fermentation tank, fully enclosed dry-wet dual-feeding system, and biogas residue and biogas slurry treatment system, covering an area of 53,000 square meters. In terms of operation management, the company is responsible for collecting fecal waste, rural perishable garbage, crop straw and tail vegetables from farms within 15 kilometers of the treatment station, and putting raw materials into fermentation tanks for treatment after pretreatment. Employ 10 people, the comprehensive operation cost is about 180 yuan/ton. In terms of resource utilization, about 13.5 million cubic meters of biogas can be produced annually, of which about 1.45 million cubic meters can be supplied to surrounding areas through pipe networks, and the rest of the biogas can be used for power generation. About 120,000 tons of marsh manure can be produced annually, which can be used to sell or guide farmers to "trade waste for fertilizer".
Typical case 6: Suining County, Xuzhou City, Jiangsu Province. The case covers about 4800 people in one village. It was put into operation in 2017. It mainly deals with livestock and poultry manure, and co-deals with perishable garbage, crop straw and other organic wastes. The designed treatment capacity is 34 tons per day, and the operation is basically full load at present. In terms of investment and construction, the government invested 5.9 million yuan in the construction of solar anaerobic fermentation tank, gas storage tank, biogas purification system, biogas pipe network and biogas slurry storage tank, covering an area of 6,530 square meters. In terms of operation and management, the "trinity" operation and maintenance system of raw material collection, daily management and protection, and gas supply has been established. Perishable garbage is collected by the cleaner and sent to the treatment station. Livestock and poultry waste is collected and transported by a third party. The third party is responsible for the operation and maintenance of the treatment station, with 3 workers, and the comprehensive operation cost is about 110 yuan/ton. In terms of resource utilization, it can produce about 500,000 cubic meters of biogas annually to supply gas to 1,200 surrounding households. It can produce about 1750 tons of biogas residue and 9400 tons of biogas slurry, which are used for planting vegetables and fruit trees around it.
4. Technical model of earthworm culture and treatment of organic waste
Earthworm farming treatment is to mix livestock and poultry waste, perishable garbage, crop straw and other organic wastes in a certain proportion, after high temperature fermentation pretreatment, the earthworm abdominal digestion to achieve high value utilization. Earthworm manure can be used to produce organic fertilizer or return to the field, and the finished earthworm can be used to extract earthworm active protein. Raw material pretreatment equipment, juvenile worm breeding facilities, breeding sites, etc. This technology mode has high resource utilization rate and good economic benefit, but it requires supporting land for earthworm breeding and pollution prevention and control measures, which requires higher requirements on breeding technology, management level and climate conditions. In addition, some places are also exploring the treatment of rural organic waste by breeding black gadflies and cockroaches.
Typical Case 7: Jinghai District, Tianjin. The case covers about 30,000 people in 34 villages. Put into operation in 2011, it mainly deals with organic wastes such as livestock and poultry manure, crop straw, tail vegetables and kitchen waste. The designed treatment capacity is 140 tons/day, and the actual treatment of organic waste is 110 tons/day. In terms of investment and construction, the cooperative invested 3.1 million yuan to build an earthworm breeding production workshop, and purchased grinding machine, earthworm harvester, electric sprayer, etc., covering an area of 560 square meters. At the same time, 600 mu of forest base was transferred for earthworm cultivation under the forest. In terms of operation and management, the surrounding farms will transport livestock and poultry waste to the treatment station and pay a certain fee. The rural perishable waste and free-range manure will be collected and transported by a social service organization, and straw and other auxiliary materials will be purchased by agreement. The cooperative is responsible for operation, maintenance and maintenance, employing 30 workers, and the comprehensive operation cost is about 75 yuan/ton. In terms of resource utilization, about 10,000 tons of earthworm manure can be produced annually and sold as fertilizer. The annual yield of fresh earthworms is about 150 tons, which is used for fishing and deep processing of earthworm products.
There are many technological modes of rural organic waste resource utilization. In addition to the above four modes, some places are also actively exploring new technologies and new modes. In the process of promoting the utilization of rural organic waste resources, local measures should be taken in accordance with local conditions, scientific demonstration, and the selection of technology models suitable for local natural conditions, economic development level and villagers' living habits. No matter what kind of technology mode is adopted, it should be on the premise of harmless treatment and safe utilization to achieve green and low-carbon cycle development. If it is used to produce commercial organic fertilizer, it should comply with relevant standards such as Organic Fertilizer (NY525-2021) to avoid adverse effects on agricultural production and ecological environment.
青島宸一環境科技有限公司專注雙膜沼氣儲氣柜,搪瓷拼裝厭氧罐(組裝式水罐),沼氣入爐摻燒系統等。
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